Critically Assess the View That We Are Not Responsible for...

Critically assess the view that we are not responsible for our evil actions Many Philosophers, such as Hoderich and John Calvin, believe that humans do not have free will to act in moral situations and that all moral actions have uncontrollable prior causes. Hard determinists, therefore, follow the belief that humans can not be morally blameworthy for their actions, evil or not, because their actions are predetermined. However, this is a ridiculous stance to take as humans are free to make moral choices, meaning they are entirely responsible for their evil actions. Many argue that hard determinism is the best approach to take when assessing this hypothesis as once you abandon the outdated notion of freedom; you can create a much†¦show more content†¦Darrow argued that Leopold’s obsession with crime and Loebs fascination with Nitezhce was a form of rebellion against the well-meaning, but strict and controlling, governess who raised him. They can not be hold morally responsible for the murder of Bobby Franks because each â€Å"child takes one shape or another shape depending not upon the boy himself, but on what surrounds him.†. However, this is a weak view to take as it suggests that people do not need to feel guilty for their actions; they have no moral responsibility, as their actions are already determined. If people were not morally responsible for their evil actions, then the world by a chaotic place, people could commit evil crimes and blame it upon their surroundings. It is therefore clear that hard determinism is a ridiculous view to take when assessing this hypothesis, as it would lead to utter anarchy and the notion of sin would be undermined. Many argue that soft determinism is the best approach to take when assessing the question, as it does not rule out free will- the two are compatible and so moral decisions and moral debate remains possible. Followers of soft determinism believe that some of our actions are conditioned, while others have so complex a collection ofShow MoreRelatedCultural Differences Between Body Language, Communication Styles And Cultural Beliefs1666 Words   |  7 PagesAs professional caregivers, nurses are required to communicate with patients to assess, diagnose and provide interventions that result in desirable outcomes. An ever changing cultural and spiritual population is a hallmark of the US identity since its inception two and a half centuries ago. This poses a challenge for nurses who must be able to quickly and accurately identify client needs and provide appropriate care. Language differences are a natural barrier to communication, as are cultural differencesRead More Behavioral Genetics Essay2274 Words   |  10 Pagesthe behavior of humans toward their own kind and the view of life they hold. Interest in behavioral genetics depends on wanting to know why people differ. According to Jack R. Vale, in Genes, Environment, and Behavior, recognition of the importance of hereditary influence on behavior represents one of the most dramatic changes in the social and behavioral sciences during the past two decades. A shift began toward the more balanced contemporary view that recognizes genetic as well as environmental influencesRead MoreAnalysis Of Pojman s Defense Of The Death Penalty Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pages(Genesis 9:6) There is an ancient tradition going back to biblical times that a fitting punishment for murder is the execution of the murderer. In this paper I will critically explain Pojman s â€Å"Defense of the Death Penalty†. I will go over what his opinion on the death penalty and the deontologists and consequentialists point of views. Pojman has two different prongs: the backward looking judgement and the forward looking judgement. 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We provide the tools for developing integrity, leadership skills, and the desire to search for truth and knowledge throughout life. We promote critical thinking, effective communication, appreciation of cultural diversity, and we encourage the rejection of bigotry and intolerance. At Bethel, we seek to promote

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Business and Corporation Law for MacTools Ltd-myassignmenthelp

Question: Whether MacTools Ltd can be held liable for negligence to Aurora, and Jessie, or not? Answer: Law Negligence is covered under the tort law and it denotes a civil wrong done by the parties. An incident of negligence takes place when a duty of care was owed by one party to another, and there was a contravention of this obligation, resulting in grave or serious harm to the individual to which this duty was owed (Legal Services Commission, 2013). For claiming a case of negligence, there is a need to show the presence of six different elements, which include the duty of care, its violation, resulting damages/ harm/ loss, the loss not being too remote, foreseeability and the direct causation between the injury and the breach of duty of care (Legal Services Commission, 2016). Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 is a landmark English case which deals with negligence. In this case, the plaintiff consumed the ginger beer from the bottle manufactured by the defendant. This was due to the fact that the bottle contained a dead snail due to which the drink was contaminated. The plaintiff ultimately fell sick and initiated claim against the manufacturer. The court held that manufacturer was liable in this case due to the neighbor test. The reason for holding this was that the two people had a close relation between them, where the actions undertaken by one directly affected the other (E-Law Resources, 2017a). Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 was a case where the defendant was held liable for negligence, due to the fact that they failed to provide the required safety gear to plaintiff. So, when the plaintiff worked, a rusty bolt fell apart and hit him in his only working eye. Ultimately, the plaintiff lost his sight and sued the council for breaching their duty of care. The court agreed that the duty was breached as the safety gear was needed, especially when the council knew that the plaintiff had only one working eye (E-Law Resources, 2017b). In order for the claim of negligence to stand, the damages have to be substantial and cannot be remote. Further, there is a requirement of the damages being foreseeable (Emanuel and Emanuel, 2008, p. 170). Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 132 ER 490 was a case where the defendant had, time and again, been warned about the haywire catching fire as there was a lack of proper ventilation in the building in which it was kept. As the defendant did not listen to these warnings, the court held him liable for negligence. The court also stated that a reasonable person would have considered these warnings and so, the plaintiff had to be compensated (E-Law Resources, 2017c). There is also a need to establish that the negligence occurred directly as a result of negligence of the other party. In other words, there is a need to prove that the actions of the defendant resulted in the harm or loss to the plaintiff. Once all these elements can be proved, a case of negligence can be made and the damages can be claimed (Statsky, 2011, p. 18). Upon a case of negligence being made, a counter claim which can be made by the defendant is highlighting the contributory negligence of the plaintiff. In such cases, the defendant shows that the person, who was injured, had made contribution towards the injuries sustained by him. When the contributory negligence of the plaintiff is established, the damages awarded to him are reduced by a sum decided by the court (Dongen, 2014, p. 8). Where a person exposes themselves to danger, they would be held to have contributed towards injures sustained by him. In Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291, the court held that the plaintiff had 1/5th responsibility towards the negligence as he was standing on the side of the dust lorry (E-Law Resources, 2017d). Application In the given case study, the negligence of MacTools Ltd can require them to compensate the injured parties for their losses. But before that is done, the negligence of MacTools Ltd has to be shown. The first step is to show that MacTools Ltd owed a duty of care towards Aurora. MacTools Ltd is the manufacturer and Aurora is the consumer in this case. Donoghue v Stevenson states that the relation between two parties can result in duty of care. Even though the machine was purchased by Mulan, Aurora used it and so was the consumer. This was similar to cafe purchasing the bottle but Donoghue consuming the same. Due to these reasons, there was a duty of care which MacTools Ltd owed to Aurora. The next requirement is to show that this duty was breached. The failure of the company to do anything about the chances of short-circuit was a breach of duty of care as it was their duty to make sure that the product made by them was 100% safe. This also made the chances of injuries which Aurora received as reasonably foreseeable. Applying the case of Paris v Stepney Borough Council, the resulting injuries of Aurora, would make MacTools Ltd liable. There was a direct causation of the failure of machinery and Auroras liability. And injures of Aurora were not at all remote and were substantial in nature. All these prove the negligence on part of MacTools Ltd for Aurora. However, MacTools Ltd has the option of making a counter claim of contributory negligence of Aurora. Aurora had been warned in this case through the safety warning and she failed to consider this. On the basis of Vaughan v Menlove, Aurora would be at fault here. Just because Aurora never read these warnings, her fault cannot be denied. So, on the basis of Davies v Swan Motor Co, the damages which would be awarded to Aurora for the negligence of MacTools Ltd would be reduced. In the matter of MacTools Ltds liability towards Jessie; the destruction of vase was not directly related to the negligence of MacTools Ltd. The actions of Aurora led to the power failure and not that of MacTools Ltd. There was an indirect link but not a direct one. Plus, it could not have been foreseen by MacTools Ltd that such an incident could take place, nor did they owe a duty of care towards Jessie. Hence, due to the lack of essentials of negligence, Jessie would not be able to succeed in suing MacTools Ltd for negligence. Conclusion To conclude, MacTools Ltd can be held liable for negligence to Aurora but the liabilities would not be raised for Jessie. References Dongen, E.V. (2014). Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Boston: Brill Nijhoff, p. 8. E-Law Resources. (2017a). Hyde v Wrench (1840) 49 ER 132 Chancery Division (Decided by Lord Langdale MR). Retrieved from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Hyde-v-Wrench.php E-Law Resources. (2017b). Brogden v Metropolitan Railway (1877) 2 App. Cas. 666. Retrieved from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Brogden-v-Metropolitan-Railway.php E-Law Resources. (2017c). Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467. Retrieved from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Vaughan-v-Menlove.php E-Law Resources. (2017d). Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291 Court of Appeal. Retrieved from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Davies-v-Swan-Motor-Co.php Emanuel, S., and Emanuel, L. (2008). Torts, New York: Aspen Publishers, p. 170. Legal Services Commission. (2013). What is negligence? Retrieved from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch29s05s01.php Legal Services Commission. (2016). Negligence. Retrieved from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch01s05.php Statsky, W.P. (2011). Essentials of Torts, 3rd ed, New York: Cengage Learning, p. 18.

The Importance of Open and Honest Communication Essay Example

The Importance of Open and Honest Communication Paper Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Open and Honest Communication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Open and Honest Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Open and Honest Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Importance of Open and Honest Communication Introduction Open and honest communication is vital while interacting with other people, and especially with those people who have special meaning such as families and close friends. It is important that the truth be upheld as much as possible in order to avoid difficult situations that are brought about by telling direct lies or simply altering the truth. The incidences described in these two stories present two men who had earlier opportunities to reveal the truth to those close to them but did not do so, leading to difficult situations later on because of their silence. My Kid’s Dog In this story, the aspect of open and honest communication reveals itself. In this case, the persona should have informed his family about his problem with the dog. It would be better to inform someone about an issue that makes you uncomfortable rather than hurting silently. We can establish that the persona realizes the importance of open and honest communication rather partially than fully. The issue of burying the dog without his family’s knowledge disturbs his conscience and he finally decides to open up. However, he still harbors his problem of being uncomfortable around dogs. The situation could now repeat itself if the family decide to replace Scruffy with another dog. Jealous Husband Returns in Form of Parrot The man in this story remembers how, while still alive, he suspected his wife of being unfaithful but could not confront her because he did not have enough evidence against her. However, now back to life in form of a parrot, he understands that his wife is now a widow looking for another partner and that he has to accept his wife’s decisions. The man now realizes the importance of having an open and honest relationship in marriage. Judging by how he feels, we can tell that he is in regret. It dawns on him that he should have spoken his mind when he had the chance in the previous life. He realizes that it would have been better if he had opened his heart and let his wife know of his problem. However, it is now too late and he cannot change reality. In regret, he looks across from within his cage, sees the blue skies with other birds enjoying the air, and wishes that he too could break out of the cage and fly. Conclusion In conclusion, both the men in these two stories were not honest in their communication with their loved ones but unlike the man in the first story who had several chances to tell the truth, the man in the second story needed evidence to justify his claims. Both of these men also chose to be dishonest in order to maintain a good relationship with their loved ones. Indeed, the two stories have a similar message over open and honest communication. It is important that we always express our honest opinion and decision about the things that face us daily in life to avoid difficult situations in the future.